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1. Gernerally these was a belidf that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a particular set of laws.
【分析】复合句。there be 句型为句子主干，a belief 是主语中心语，后面的 that 引导同位语从句，补充说明 belief 的内容。该从句中的 large enough...作后置定语修饰 states。
【译文】一种普遍存在的信念是：新国家应该是独立自主的，应该足够大，大到足以在经济上能独立，并且要由一套共同的法律统一起来。
2. They would try to decide what intelligence in huamns is really for, not merely how much of it there is.
【分析】复合句。本句的主干是 They would try to decide...。decide 后跟两个并列的宾语从句，分别由 what和 how much 引导。
【译文】它们会试图判定人类智力的用途，而不仅仅是人类有多少智慧。
3. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to stop.
【分析】并列复合句。and 连接两个并列分句。在第二个分句中，they've apparently learned 是修饰things 的定语从句，when to stop 由“特殊疑问句词+动词不定式”构成，作表语。
【译文】很多其他的物种也能学习，而且它们显然已经学会的一件事就是何时停止学习。
【拓展】 apparently 在此处的意思是“显然地”，另外一个意思是“表面上地(未必真实地)”。语法拓展：疑问代词或副词后的不定式疑问代词 who, what, which 等和疑问副词 when, where,how 等后面跟不定式，构成不定式短语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等句子成分。此结构可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句，从句所作的句子成分不变。如：Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends. 可以改写成 Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how we survive without friends(也许最艰难的挑战，就是生活中孤独无友。)
4. However, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went upon Monday.
【分析】复合句。句子主干为 a comparison...showed that...，that 引导的宾语从句。 with data 作comparison 的后置定语，其中包含 when 引导的定语从句修饰 weeks。
【译文】但是，和没有进行试验的几周的数据进行对比发现，周一的产出总是会增加。
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